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Thermodynamics and Thermochemistry

Chemical thermodynamics quantifies heat, work, internal energy and spontaneity using the first and second laws, while thermochemistry applies Hess's law and enthalpy data to reaction energetics. IAT numericals commonly combine state-function calculations (ΔU, ΔH, ΔS, ΔG) with Hess's law and Gibbs free energy spontaneity criteria.

15 min readWeightage: 6–8 questions in IAT Chemistry30-question chapter test included
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