Crop Production and Management
Agricultural practices from soil preparation to harvesting and storage, the difference between Kharif and Rabi crops, and the tools/methods used at each stage.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Science
CBSE (Class 8-12) Self Study
Class-wise CBSE chapter notes for Science/Physics/Chemistry/Biology, Mathematics, English, Social Science and Computer Science.
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Filters: all grades, all subjects. 253 chapters shown
Class 8
Science
Microorganisms: Friend and Foe
Types of micro-organisms and their beneficial uses in food, medicine and agriculture, alongside their harmful effects as pathogens, food spoilage agents and their control through preservation.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Science
Coal and Petroleum
Classification of natural resources as exhaustible and inexhaustible, formation and products of coal and petroleum, fractional distillation, and the need for their conservation.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Science
Combustion and Flame
Conditions and types of combustion, ignition temperature and flammability, structure of a candle flame, and the concept of calorific value of fuels.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Science
Conservation of Plants and Animals
Why forests are called biodiversity hotspots, the causes and consequences of deforestation, and how sanctuaries, reserves, migration and the Red Data Book protect species.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Science
Cell Structure and Functions
The cell as the basic unit of life, discovery of cells, differences between plant and animal cells, prokaryotic versus eukaryotic cells, and the role of key cell organelles.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Science
Reproduction in Animals
Modes of reproduction in animals — sexual and asexual — including fertilisation, embryo development, viviparous and oviparous animals, metamorphosis and an introduction to IVF.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Science
Force, Pressure and Friction
Types of forces (muscular, magnetic, electrostatic, gravitational), contact vs non-contact forces, the concept of pressure in solids, liquids and gases, and the causes, types, advantages and disadvantages of friction.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Science
Sound
Production and propagation of sound through vibrations, the concepts of frequency, amplitude and pitch, the human audible range, and the causes and prevention of noise pollution.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Science
Chemical Effects of Electric Current
How electric current passes through conducting and non-conducting liquids, the chemical effects it produces, and the process and industrial applications of electroplating.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Science
Light
Laws of reflection, the difference between regular and diffused (irregular) reflection, and the structure, working and care of the human eye including common vision defects.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Science
Some Natural Phenomena and Stars
Causes of lightning and earthquakes with safety measures against them, and an introduction to constellations and the arrangement of bodies in the solar system.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Science
Mathematics
Rational Numbers
Properties of rational numbers (closure, commutativity, associativity, distributivity), identity and inverse elements, and representing rational numbers on the number line.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Mathematics
Linear Equations in One Variable
Solving linear equations with variables on both sides, using transposition and cross-multiplication, and applying them to word problems on ages, numbers, digits and speed.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Mathematics
Understanding Quadrilaterals
Classifying polygons, the angle sum properties of polygons, and the defining properties of parallelograms and special quadrilaterals such as rectangles, rhombuses, squares, kites and trapeziums.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Mathematics
Data Handling
Organising data using frequency distributions and grouped tables, representing data through bar graphs, histograms and pie charts, and finding the probability of simple random events.
9 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Mathematics
Squares and Square Roots
Identifying perfect squares and their properties, using patterns to compute squares quickly, and finding square roots by prime factorisation, repeated subtraction and the long division method.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Mathematics
Cubes and Cube Roots
Identifying perfect cubes and Hardy-Ramanujan numbers, understanding patterns in cubes of numbers, and finding cube roots through prime factorisation and estimation methods.
8 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Mathematics
Comparing Quantities
Percentages, ratios, profit-loss, discount, sales tax/GST, and simple and compound interest with annual, half-yearly and quarterly compounding.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Mathematics
Algebraic Expressions and Identities
Multiplying monomials, binomials and polynomials, and applying the standard algebraic identities (a+b)², (a−b)² and (a+b)(a−b) to expand and factorise expressions quickly.
9 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Mathematics
Mensuration
Areas of trapeziums, rhombuses and general polygons, and surface areas and volumes of cuboids, cubes and cylinders, with unit conversions for volume and capacity.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Mathematics
Exponents and Powers
Laws of exponents extended to negative and zero powers, simplifying expressions with powers, and using the standard form to express very large and very small numbers.
8 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Mathematics
Direct and Inverse Proportions
Distinguishing direct and inverse variation between two quantities, forming and solving proportion equations, and applying them to time-work and time-speed-distance problems.
9 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Mathematics
Factorisation
Factorising algebraic expressions using common factors, regrouping and standard identities, and dividing algebraic expressions by monomials and binomials.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Mathematics
Introduction to Graphs
Reading and interpreting bar graphs, pie charts and line graphs, plotting points on the Cartesian plane, and drawing and interpreting linear graphs relating dependent and independent variables.
9 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Mathematics
English
Reading Comprehension
A method for BITSAT passages: skim for structure, read the questions first, and separate what the passage states from what it implies — plus tone, inference and title questions.
10 min read · Weightage 2–3 of 10 English Proficiency questions
Writing Skills: Notice, Message, Diary
Covers the format, tone and key features of writing a notice, a message/telephonic message and a diary entry as required in CBSE Class 8 writing skills.
8 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 English — 5-6 marks
Grammar: Tenses and Modals
Covers the correct usage of the present, past and future tenses along with their forms, and the appropriate use of modal verbs like can, could, may, might, must, should and ought to.
9 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 English — 4-5 marks
Grammar: Voice, Narration and Determiners
Explains the rules for changing active voice to passive voice, converting direct speech to indirect (reported) speech, and the correct use of determiners such as articles, quantifiers and demonstratives.
9 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 English — 5 marks
Literature: Prose
Covers the key themes, characters and messages of the prose chapters from the NCERT Class 8 Honeydew textbook, including 'The Best Christmas Present in the World', 'The Tsunami', 'Glimpses of the Past' and 'Bepin Choudhury's Lapse of Memory'.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 English — 8-10 marks
Literature: Poetry
Covers the themes and messages of key poems from the NCERT Class 8 Honeydew textbook such as 'The Ant and the Cricket', 'Geography Lesson' and 'The Duck and the Kangaroo', along with select short stories from the supplementary reader 'It So Happened'.
9 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 English — 6-8 marks
Social Science
History: From Trade to Territory
Traces how the English East India Company transformed from a trading company into a territorial ruler of India through wars, treaties and administrative control.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Social Science — 5-6 marks
History: Colonialism, Rural Life and Revolt of 1857
Covers the colonial land revenue systems that transformed rural life and the causes, course and consequences of the Revolt of 1857.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Social Science — 6-7 marks
Geography: Resources and Their Types
Introduces the concept of resources, their classification and the need for conservation and sustainable development.
9 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Social Science — 4-5 marks
Geography: Land, Soil, Water, Vegetation and Wildlife
Explains land as a resource, soil formation and types, the importance and conservation of water, and the need to protect vegetation and wildlife.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Social Science — 5-6 marks
Geography: Agriculture and Industries
Covers types of farming systems, major crops grown across the world, and the classification and location factors of industries.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Social Science — 5-6 marks
Civics: The Indian Constitution and Secularism
Explains the key features of the Indian Constitution, the process of its making, Fundamental Rights, and the concept of Indian secularism.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Social Science — 5-6 marks
Civics: Parliament, Judiciary and Social Justice
Explains the structure, functions and law-making process of the Indian Parliament, the role and structure of the judiciary, and how the justice system works towards achieving social justice, especially for marginalised groups.
12 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Social Science — 8-10 marks
Computer Science
Computer Fundamentals
The basic building blocks of a computer system — hardware, software and number systems used to represent data.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Computer Science — foundational unit
Operating System and File Management
How an operating system manages computer resources and how files and folders are organised on disk.
9 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Computer Science — foundational unit
Spreadsheets
Basics of spreadsheet software — cells, formulas, charts, and organising data using sorting and filtering.
9 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Computer Science — foundational unit
Introduction to Programming (Python/Scratch)
First steps in programming logic using visual (Scratch) and text-based (Python) tools — variables, data types, I/O, conditions and loops.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Computer Science — foundational unit
Internet and Cyber Safety
Safe and effective use of the internet — search techniques, email etiquette, password hygiene and protection from cyberbullying.
9 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Computer Science — foundational unit
Web Designing Basics (HTML)
Structure of a basic HTML webpage and the common tags used to add text, images, links and lists.
9 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Computer Science — foundational unit
Class 9
Science
Matter in Our Surroundings
Particulate nature of matter, the three states of matter, effects of temperature and pressure, and processes like evaporation and diffusion.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Science — 4-5 marks
Is Matter Around Us Pure
Classification of matter into pure substances and mixtures, types of solutions, colloids and suspensions, and physical separation techniques.
12 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Science — 5-6 marks
Atoms and Molecules
Laws of chemical combination, atomic and molecular masses, the mole concept, and writing chemical formulae using valency.
12 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Science — 5-6 marks
Structure of the Atom
Discovery of subatomic particles, atomic models by Thomson, Rutherford and Bohr, and concepts of atomic number, mass number, isotopes and isobars.
12 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Science — 5-6 marks
The Fundamental Unit of Life
The cell as the structural and functional unit of life, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, cell organelles and their functions, and the processes of diffusion, osmosis and plasmolysis.
13 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Science — 6-7 marks
Tissues
Plant tissues (meristematic and permanent) and animal tissues (epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous), their structure, location and functions.
13 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Science — 6-7 marks
Motion
Rest and motion, distance and displacement, speed and velocity, acceleration, and graphical/equation-based analysis of uniformly accelerated motion.
12 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Science — 5-7 marks
Force and Laws of Motion
Balanced and unbalanced forces, Newton's three laws of motion, inertia, momentum, and the conservation of momentum in collisions.
12 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Science — 5-7 marks
Gravitation, Work and Energy
Universal law of gravitation, free fall and acceleration due to gravity, mass vs weight, thrust and pressure, and the concepts of work, energy, power and conservation of energy.
14 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Science — 8-10 marks
Sound
Production and propagation of sound through vibrations, the concepts of frequency, amplitude and pitch, the human audible range, and the causes and prevention of noise pollution.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 8 Science
Improvement in Food Resources
Crop production and management, plant and animal breeding methods, and sustainable practices for improving yields of crops, livestock, fisheries and bee-keeping.
12 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Science — 5-7 marks
Natural Resources
The biogeochemical cycles of air, water and soil, greenhouse effect and ozone layer, and the cycling of nutrients (carbon, nitrogen, oxygen) that sustain the biosphere.
12 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Science — 4-6 marks
Mathematics
Number Systems
Understanding rational and irrational numbers on the number line, representing real numbers using successive magnification, rationalising denominators, and applying the laws of exponents for real numbers.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Mathematics
Polynomials
Understanding polynomials in one variable, zeroes of a polynomial, the Remainder and Factor Theorems, and factorisation using standard algebraic identities.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Mathematics
Coordinate Geometry
Introducing the Cartesian coordinate system, plotting points using the two perpendicular axes, and identifying the four quadrants along with the signs of coordinates.
8 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Mathematics
Linear Equations in Two Variables
Understanding the general form of a linear equation in two variables, finding multiple solutions, graphing linear equations, and interpreting lines parallel to the axes and through the origin.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Mathematics
Introduction to Euclid's Geometry
Exploring Euclid's definitions of basic geometric terms, his five postulates, the common notions (axioms), and how these form the logical foundation of geometry.
9 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Mathematics
Lines, Angles and Triangles
Studying the properties of angles formed by intersecting and parallel lines, the angle sum property of a triangle, and the congruence criteria (SSS, SAS, ASA, RHS) for triangles.
12 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Mathematics
Quadrilaterals
Angle sum property of quadrilaterals, properties of parallelograms, conditions for a quadrilateral to be a parallelogram, and the mid-point theorem with its converse.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Mathematics
Circles
Properties of chords, arcs and angles subtended by them, the relationship between angle at the centre and at the circumference, cyclic quadrilaterals, and their theorems.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Mathematics
Heron's Formula
Finding the area of a triangle using Heron's formula when all three sides are known, and applying it to quadrilaterals by splitting them into triangles.
9 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Mathematics
Surface Areas and Volumes
Curved and total surface areas and volumes of cubes, cuboids, cylinders, cones and spheres/hemispheres, and their application to real-life mensuration problems.
12 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Mathematics
Statistics
Presentation of data using frequency distribution tables, bar graphs, histograms and frequency polygons, and calculation of the mean, median and mode of ungrouped data.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Mathematics
English
Reading Section
Covers strategies for tackling unseen prose and poetry passages in the CBSE Class 9 English reading section, including comprehension techniques, note-making and vocabulary-in-context questions.
9 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 English — 20 marks
Writing: Descriptive Paragraph and Diary Entry
Explains the format, tone and content requirements for writing descriptive paragraphs (person/place/event) and diary entries in CBSE Class 9 English writing skills.
8 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 English — 5 marks
Writing: Story and Letter Writing
Covers the structure of story writing based on given outlines/pictures and the formats for formal and informal letters as tested in CBSE Class 9 English.
9 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 English — 10 marks
Grammar: Tenses, Modals and Subject-Verb Concord
Covers the correct usage of the twelve tenses, modal verbs (can, could, may, might, must, should, etc.) and subject-verb agreement rules tested in CBSE Class 9 English grammar.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 English — 10 marks (grammar)
Grammar: Reported Speech and Determiners
Explains the rules for converting direct speech into indirect (reported) speech and the correct usage of determiners (articles, demonstratives, quantifiers) for CBSE Class 9 English grammar.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 English — 8-10 marks (grammar)
Literature: Beehive and Moments
Summarises key prose chapters, poems and supplementary stories from the NCERT textbooks Beehive and Moments, along with central themes and important characters for CBSE Class 9 English.
12 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 English — 30 marks (literature)
Social Science
History: The French Revolution
Explains the social, political and economic causes of the French Revolution of 1789, its major phases, key thinkers and its lasting impact on ideas of liberty, equality and fraternity across the world.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Social Science — 6-8 marks
History: Socialism, Russian Revolution and Nazism
Covers the rise of socialist ideas, the February and October Revolutions of 1917 in Russia, the formation of the USSR, and the rise of Hitler and Nazi ideology in Germany.
12 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Social Science — 6-8 marks
History: Forest Society, Pastoralists and Colonialism
Examines how colonial forest laws transformed access to forests, the impact on forest communities and shifting cultivators, and how pastoral communities were affected by grazing restrictions under colonial rule.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Social Science — 6-7 marks
Geography: India — Size, Location and Physical Features
Covers India's size, latitudinal and longitudinal extent, standard meridian, neighbouring countries and the major physiographic divisions from the Himalayas to the coastal plains and islands.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Social Science — 5-6 marks
Geography: Drainage, Climate, Vegetation and Population
Covers India's major river systems, the monsoon mechanism controlling its climate, the classification of natural vegetation, and key features of India's population size, density and composition.
12 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Social Science — 6-8 marks
Civics: Democracy and the Constitution
Explains the meaning and features of democracy, why a constitution is necessary, the constitutional design and framing process in India, and the Fundamental Rights and Duties of Indian citizens.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Social Science — 6-8 marks
Civics: Electoral Politics and Working of Institutions
Explains why elections are necessary in a democracy, the features of a free and fair election system in India, the role of the Election Commission, and the working of the legislature, executive and judiciary.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Social Science — 6-8 marks
Economics: The Story of Village Palampur and Food Security
Uses the example of village Palampur to explain the factors of production and modern farming methods, and covers food security in India including the Public Distribution System, buffer stock and poverty as a developmental challenge.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Social Science — 6-8 marks
Computer Science
Computer Systems and Organisation
How a computer system is organised — CPU architecture, memory hierarchy, storage units, Boolean logic and software categories, building from Class 9 through Class 11 depth.
12 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9/11 Computer Science — 4-6 marks
Number Systems and Data Representation
Converting between binary, octal, decimal and hexadecimal number systems, and understanding how text is encoded using ASCII and Unicode.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Computer Science — 3-4 marks
Introduction to Python
Getting started with Python — variables, data types, operators and basic input/output, following correct indentation rules.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Computer Science — Unit 2, Programming
Control Flow and Loops
Decision-making with if-elif-else statements and repetition using for and while loops, including the range() function.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Computer Science — Unit 2, Programming
Office Tools and Documentation
Practical use of word processors, spreadsheets and presentation software, including mail merge and chart creation.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Computer Science — Unit 3, Digital Documentation
Cyber Safety and Digital Citizenship
Safe and responsible use of digital technology, covering safe browsing, identity protection, netiquette, malware and IT safety practices.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Computer Science — Unit 4, Cyber Safety
Class 10
Science
Chemical Reactions and Equations
Writing and balancing equations, the five reaction types, oxidation and reduction, and the everyday effects of corrosion and rancidity — the opening board chapter that supplies easy, guaranteed marks.
13 min read · Weightage High (5–7 marks in the CBSE Class 10 board paper)
Acids, Bases and Salts
Properties of acids and bases, the pH scale, neutralisation reactions, and the preparation and everyday uses of common salts.
12 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 Science — 6-8 marks
Metals and Non-metals
Physical and chemical properties distinguishing metals from non-metals, the reactivity series, ionic bonding and industrial extraction/corrosion prevention.
12 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 Science — 6-8 marks
Carbon and Its Compounds
Covalent bonding in carbon, catenation, homologous series, IUPAC naming and key reactions of ethanol, ethanoic acid and soaps.
13 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 Science — 6-8 marks
Life Processes
Nutrition, respiration, transportation and excretion in living organisms, including human digestive, circulatory and excretory systems.
14 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 Science — 8-10 marks
Control and Coordination
Nervous and hormonal coordination in animals, the human nervous system, reflex actions, and hormone/tropic-movement based coordination in plants.
12 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 Science — 6-8 marks
How do Organisms Reproduce
Modes of asexual reproduction, the human male and female reproductive systems, the menstrual cycle, and methods of contraception and reproductive health.
13 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 Science — 6-8 marks
Heredity and Evolution
Mendel's laws of inheritance illustrated with monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, the mechanism of sex determination, and the evidence supporting evolution.
13 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 Science — 6-8 marks
Light — Reflection and Refraction
Laws of reflection and refraction, image formation by spherical mirrors and lenses using the mirror/lens formula with sign convention, and refractive index numericals.
14 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 Science — 8-10 marks
Human Eye and Colourful World
Structure and functioning of the human eye, common defects of vision and their correction using lenses, and optical phenomena including dispersion, scattering and atmospheric refraction.
12 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 Science — 6-8 marks
Electricity
Electric current, potential difference, Ohm's law, resistance combinations, electrical power and the heating effect of current.
13 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 Science — 8-10 marks
Magnetic Effects of Electric Current
Magnetic fields due to current-carrying conductors, the force on a current in a magnetic field, and the working of electric motors, generators and domestic circuits.
12 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 Science — 6-8 marks
Our Environment and Natural Resource Management
Ecosystems, food chains and trophic levels, environmental problems like ozone depletion and waste, and sustainable management of forests, water and wildlife.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 Science — 4-6 marks
Mathematics
Real Numbers
Exploring the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic, using it to find HCF and LCM, proving irrationality of numbers, and revisiting decimal expansions of rational numbers.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 Mathematics
Polynomials
Understanding polynomials in one variable, zeroes of a polynomial, the Remainder and Factor Theorems, and factorisation using standard algebraic identities.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Mathematics
Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables
Solving pairs of linear equations in two variables graphically and algebraically (substitution, elimination, cross-multiplication), and determining the nature of solutions.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 Mathematics
Quadratic Equations
Roots, discriminant, relations between roots and coefficients, common roots, sign of a quadratic and location of roots — a high-frequency JEE Main topic.
13 min read · Weightage 3–4% (1–2 questions in JEE Main every session)
Arithmetic Progressions
Understanding arithmetic progressions (AP), finding the nth term and sum of n terms, and applying these to solve real-life problems.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 Mathematics
Triangles
Studying similarity of triangles, criteria for similarity (AAA, SSS, SAS), the Basic Proportionality Theorem, areas of similar triangles, and the Pythagoras theorem.
12 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 Mathematics
Coordinate Geometry
Introducing the Cartesian coordinate system, plotting points using the two perpendicular axes, and identifying the four quadrants along with the signs of coordinates.
8 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Mathematics
Introduction to Trigonometry
Defining trigonometric ratios of an acute angle in a right triangle, learning values for specific angles, trigonometric identities, and ratios of complementary angles.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 Mathematics
Some Applications of Trigonometry
Applying trigonometric ratios to find heights and distances of objects using the concepts of angle of elevation and angle of depression.
9 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 Mathematics
Circles
Properties of chords, arcs and angles subtended by them, the relationship between angle at the centre and at the circumference, cyclic quadrilaterals, and their theorems.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Mathematics
Areas Related to Circles
Calculating the perimeter and area of circles, and finding areas of sectors and segments, and combinations of plane figures involving circles.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 Mathematics
Surface Areas and Volumes
Curved and total surface areas and volumes of cubes, cuboids, cylinders, cones and spheres/hemispheres, and their application to real-life mensuration problems.
12 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9 Mathematics
Statistics and Probability
Probability covers conditional probability, Bayes' theorem and standard distributions, while statistics focuses on measures of central tendency and dispersion. Both reward careful setup — defining the sample space or the correct formula before calculating.
13 min read · Weightage 4–6 of 40 Mathematics questions
English
Reading Comprehension
A method for BITSAT passages: skim for structure, read the questions first, and separate what the passage states from what it implies — plus tone, inference and title questions.
10 min read · Weightage 2–3 of 10 English Proficiency questions
Writing: Formal Letter and Analytical Paragraph
Covers the CBSE Class 10 formats and skills for writing formal letters (complaint, enquiry, placing order, editor) and analytical paragraphs (article/analytical exposition) with correct structure, tone and word limit.
9 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 English — 5-6 marks (Writing Section)
Grammar: Tenses, Modals, Subject-Verb Concord
Covers the CBSE Class 10 grammar syllabus on tenses, modal verbs (determiners of possibility, ability, obligation) and subject-verb agreement rules commonly tested in editing and gap-filling exercises.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 English — 4-5 marks (Grammar Section)
Grammar: Reported Speech
Covers rules for converting direct speech into indirect (reported) speech for statements, questions, commands/requests and exclamations, including changes in tense, pronoun and time/place expressions.
9 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 English — 4-5 marks (Grammar Section)
Literature: First Flight (Prose)
Covers themes, characters and key details of the prose chapters in the NCERT First Flight textbook for CBSE Class 10, including 'A Letter to God', 'Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom', 'Two Stories about Flying', 'From the Diary of Anne Frank', 'The Hundred Dresses', 'Glimpses of India', 'Mijbil the Otter', 'Madam Rides the Bus', 'The Sermon at Benares' and 'The Proposal'.
12 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 English — 20-22 marks (Literature Section)
Literature: First Flight (Poetry)
Covers themes, poetic devices and central ideas of the poems in NCERT First Flight for CBSE Class 10: 'Dust of Snow', 'Fire and Ice', 'A Tiger in the Zoo', 'How to Tell Wild Animals', 'The Ball Poem', 'Amanda!', 'Animals', and 'The Trees'.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 English — 6-8 marks (Poetry Section)
Literature: Footprints Without Feet
Covers plot, characters and themes of the ten stories in the NCERT supplementary reader 'Footprints without Feet' for CBSE Class 10, including 'A Triumph of Surgery', 'The Thief's Story', 'The Midnight Visitor', 'A Question of Trust', 'Footprints without Feet', 'The Making of a Scientist', 'The Necklace', 'Bholi', 'The Book That Saved the Earth'.
12 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 English — 10-12 marks (Literature Section)
Social Science
History: Nationalism in Europe and India
Traces the emergence of nationalism as a political and cultural force in 19th-century Europe, from the French Revolution to the unification of Germany and Italy.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 Social Science — 6-8 marks
History: The Making of a Global World and Industrialisation
Examines the growth of nationalism in India through the Non-Cooperation, Civil Disobedience and Quit India movements, and the role of different social groups.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 Social Science — 6-8 marks
History: Print Culture and the Modern World
Examines the growth of nationalism in India through the Non-Cooperation, Civil Disobedience and Quit India movements, and the role of different social groups.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 Social Science — 6-8 marks
Geography: Resources and Development
Covers the classification, distribution and conservation of resources in India, along with land use patterns and soil types.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 Social Science — 6-7 marks
Geography: Water, Agriculture and Minerals
Explains the types of farming, major crops grown in India, and government initiatives to improve agricultural productivity and address related challenges.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 Social Science — 6-8 marks
Geography: Manufacturing Industries and Lifelines
Covers the classification, distribution and conservation of resources in India, along with land use patterns and soil types.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 Social Science — 6-7 marks
Civics: Power Sharing and Federalism
Explains why power sharing is essential for democracy through the case studies of Belgium and Sri Lanka, and describes India's federal structure.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 Social Science — 6-8 marks
Civics: Gender, Religion, Caste, Political Parties and Democracy
Explains why power sharing is essential for democracy through the case studies of Belgium and Sri Lanka, and describes India's federal structure.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 Social Science — 6-8 marks
Economics: Development, Sectors and Money & Credit
Introduces the concept of development, measurement indicators like income and HDI, and classifies economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary sectors, along with the concept of disguised unemployment and formal/informal sectors.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 Social Science — 6-8 marks
Computer Science
Digital Documentation and Spreadsheets
Advanced word processing (styles, templates, mail merge) and spreadsheet skills (formulas, functions, charts, what-if analysis).
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 Computer Science — Unit 2, Digital Documentation
Database Management Concepts
Fundamentals of databases — tables, keys, relationships between tables and writing basic SQL queries.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 Computer Science — Unit 3, Database Management
Python Programming Basics
Core Python concepts revisited and extended — data types, operators, conditionals, loops, strings and lists.
12 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 Computer Science — Unit 4, Programming in Python
Functions and Modules
Defining and using functions with parameters and return values, and importing Python's standard modules for extended functionality.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 Computer Science — Unit 4, Functions and Modules
Web Applications and HTML
Building structured web pages with HTML — tables, forms, links, and accessibility considerations for inclusive design.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 Computer Science — Unit 5, Web Applications
Cyber Ethics and Safety
Understanding IT Act provisions, netiquette, privacy considerations, and protection against malware and phishing.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 10 Computer Science — Unit 6, Cyber Ethics
Class 11
Physics
Physical World and Measurement
SI units, dimensional analysis, error propagation and the precision of vernier/screw-gauge instruments form a short but scoring entrance-exam topic. Dimensional checks let you eliminate wrong options in seconds without solving the full problem.
10 min read · Weightage 2–3 of 40 Physics questions
Kinematics
Kinematics builds the language of motion — position, velocity, acceleration and their graphical relationships — used throughout mechanics. Entrance papers frequently test graph-reading and relative-velocity problems involving projectiles, rivers and boats.
13 min read · Weightage 3–4 of 40 Physics questions
Laws of Motion
Newton's three laws, free-body diagrams, friction, circular motion dynamics and pseudo forces — the backbone of all mechanics problem solving.
14 min read · Weightage 4–5% (2–3 questions in NEET, 1–2 in JEE Main)
Work, Energy and Power
Work done by constant and variable forces, work-energy theorem, conservative forces, potential energy curves, collisions and power — the fastest route to solving mechanics problems without kinematics.
13 min read · Weightage 4–5% (2–3 questions in NEET, 1–2 in JEE Main)
System of Particles and Rotational Motion
Rotational motion extends Newton's laws and energy methods to rigid bodies using moment of inertia, torque and angular momentum. Entrance papers reward memorised moments of inertia and quick application of the parallel/perpendicular axis theorems and rolling conditions.
14 min read · Weightage 3–4 of 40 Physics questions
Gravitation
Newton's law of gravitation, Kepler's laws, gravitational field/potential energy, and escape/orbital velocity for satellites — a high-yield mechanics chapter.
13 min read · Weightage 1 question typically in board exams; important for JEE/NEET overlap
Mechanical Properties of Solids and Fluids
Elasticity, surface tension, viscosity and fluid statics/dynamics link microscopic intermolecular forces to macroscopic mechanical behaviour. IAT tests stress-strain curve reading, Bernoulli applications and terminal-velocity numericals with equal weight.
16 min read · Weightage 6–8% of IAT Physics
Thermal Properties of Matter
Kinetic theory of gases, thermodynamic processes and heat engines connect molecular motion to macroscopic work and heat. IAT frequently combines PV-diagram interpretation with first-law and efficiency calculations in a single multi-step question.
16 min read · Weightage 6–8% of IAT Physics
Thermodynamics
Kinetic theory of gases, thermodynamic processes and heat engines connect molecular motion to macroscopic work and heat. IAT frequently combines PV-diagram interpretation with first-law and efficiency calculations in a single multi-step question.
16 min read · Weightage 6–8% of IAT Physics
Kinetic Theory of Gases
Molecular model of an ideal gas, pressure derivation, degrees of freedom, specific heats and mean free path — linking microscopic motion to macroscopic gas laws.
12 min read · Weightage 1 question typically in board exams; frequent numerical topic
Oscillations
Simple harmonic motion links periodic mechanical systems (springs, pendulums) through a single differential equation, while wave motion covers propagation, superposition, beats and the Doppler effect. Entrance papers repeatedly test SHM energy partition and standard wave-formula plug-ins.
14 min read · Weightage 3–4 of 40 Physics questions
Waves
Simple harmonic motion links periodic mechanical systems (springs, pendulums) through a single differential equation, while wave motion covers propagation, superposition, beats and the Doppler effect. Entrance papers repeatedly test SHM energy partition and standard wave-formula plug-ins.
14 min read · Weightage 3–4 of 40 Physics questions
Chemistry
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
Mole concept, stoichiometry, limiting reagent, concentration terms and empirical/molecular formulae — the calculation base of all physical chemistry.
12 min read · Weightage 3–4% (1–2 questions every year in both NEET and JEE Main)
Structure of Atom
Quantum numbers, orbital shapes, electronic configuration rules and their exceptions form the backbone of every periodicity and bonding question in entrance papers. Mastering Bohr's model, de Broglie wavelength and the Aufbau/Hund/Pauli framework lets you answer configuration and spectral questions in seconds.
11 min read · Weightage 3–4 questions in entrance papers Chemistry
Classification of Elements and Periodicity
The modern periodic law, block-wise classification of elements, and periodic trends in atomic size, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy and electronegativity, including key exceptions.
13 min read · Weightage 4-6 marks in CBSE boards; frequent NCERT-based questions
Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Ionic and covalent bonding, VSEPR geometry, hybridisation, molecular orbital theory, bond parameters, dipole moment and hydrogen bonding — the most frequently examined inorganic-physical crossover chapter.
16 min read · Weightage 6–8% (3–4 questions in NEET, 2–3 in JEE Main)
Thermodynamics
Kinetic theory of gases, thermodynamic processes and heat engines connect molecular motion to macroscopic work and heat. IAT frequently combines PV-diagram interpretation with first-law and efficiency calculations in a single multi-step question.
16 min read · Weightage 6–8% of IAT Physics
Equilibrium
Equilibrium constants Kp and Kc, Le Chatelier's principle, acids and bases, pH and buffers, salt hydrolysis and solubility product — one of the highest-scoring chapters in Physical Chemistry.
18 min read · Weightage 6–7% (2–3 questions in NEET, 2–3 in JEE Main)
Redox Reactions
Oxidation numbers, identification of oxidising and reducing agents, balancing by oxidation-number and ion-electron methods, disproportionation and redox titrations.
11 min read · Weightage 2–3% (1 question in NEET, 1 in JEE Main)
The p-Block Elements (Group 13 & 14)
Groups 13–18 show sharp anomalies driven by the inert pair effect, back bonding and catenation trends, tested heavily through oxoacids, boranes, silicates and interhalogen structures. Entrance papers focus on structure–bonding correlations and characteristic reactions of these elements and their compounds.
13 min read · Weightage 4–5 questions in entrance papers Chemistry
Organic Chemistry: Basic Principles and Techniques
This chapter builds the electronic-effect and mechanism toolkit — inductive, resonance, hyperconjugation and their impact on stability and reactivity — that underlies every later organic chapter. IUPAC nomenclature and the classification of reaction intermediates (carbocations, carbanions, free radicals) are core recurring exam themes.
12 min read · Weightage 3–4 questions in entrance papers Chemistry
Hydrocarbons
Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, arenes and alkyl/aryl halides are tested through characteristic reaction mechanisms — Markovnikov/anti-Markovnikov addition, free-radical substitution, electrophilic aromatic substitution and SN1/SN2/E1/E2 pathways. Recognising which mechanism applies from substrate, reagent and conditions is the key exam skill in this chapter.
13 min read · Weightage 4–5 questions in entrance papers Chemistry
Structure of Atom to Practical: Salt Analysis Basics
Quantum numbers, orbital shapes, electronic configuration rules and their exceptions form the backbone of every periodicity and bonding question in entrance papers. Mastering Bohr's model, de Broglie wavelength and the Aufbau/Hund/Pauli framework lets you answer configuration and spectral questions in seconds.
11 min read · Weightage 3–4 questions in entrance papers Chemistry
Biology
The Living World and Biological Classification
Biological classification systematises the enormous diversity of life using nomenclature rules, hierarchical taxonomic categories, and the five kingdom system, extending to viruses, viroids and lichens. IAT questions probe precise classification criteria and characteristic features of each group rather than memorised lists alone.
14 min read · Weightage 4–6 questions in IAT Biology
Plant Kingdom and Animal Kingdom
Biological classification systematises the enormous diversity of life using nomenclature rules, hierarchical taxonomic categories, and the five kingdom system, extending to viruses, viroids and lichens. IAT questions probe precise classification criteria and characteristic features of each group rather than memorised lists alone.
14 min read · Weightage 4–6 questions in IAT Biology
Morphology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants
This chapter covers plant and animal tissue systems, morphology of flowering plants, and the anatomy of a representative animal (frog/cockroach type questions). IAT focuses on precise tissue identification, floral formula interpretation, and structural-functional correlation.
15 min read · Weightage 4–6 questions in IAT Biology
Structural Organisation in Animals
This chapter covers plant and animal tissue systems, morphology of flowering plants, and the anatomy of a representative animal (frog/cockroach type questions). IAT focuses on precise tissue identification, floral formula interpretation, and structural-functional correlation.
15 min read · Weightage 4–6 questions in IAT Biology
Cell: The Unit of Life and Biomolecules
Cell theory, prokaryotic vs eukaryotic organisation, and the structure–function map of every cell organelle — a guaranteed NEET scoring chapter.
15 min read · Weightage 5–6% (3–4 questions in NEET every year)
Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Interphase checkpoints, mitosis phase by phase, the two divisions of meiosis and the significance of each — a short, factual chapter that NEET mines every single year for one or two direct questions.
15 min read · Weightage 3–4% (1–2 questions in NEET almost every year)
Transport in Plants and Mineral Nutrition
Plant physiology covers transport of water and nutrients, photosynthesis, respiration, plant hormones and photoperiodism/vernalisation. IAT expects quantitative and mechanistic understanding — light and dark reactions, C3/C4 comparison, hormone actions, and water potential concepts.
16 min read · Weightage 5–7 questions in IAT Biology
Photosynthesis and Respiration in Plants
Pigments and the absorption spectrum, the light reaction and photophosphorylation, the Calvin cycle, C4 anatomy and photorespiration — a factual chapter NEET rewards for exact numbers and names.
16 min read · Weightage 4–5% (2 questions in NEET most years)
Plant Growth and Development
Plant physiology covers transport of water and nutrients, photosynthesis, respiration, plant hormones and photoperiodism/vernalisation. IAT expects quantitative and mechanistic understanding — light and dark reactions, C3/C4 comparison, hormone actions, and water potential concepts.
16 min read · Weightage 5–7 questions in IAT Biology
Human Physiology: Digestion and Breathing
Human physiology integrates digestion, breathing, circulation, excretion and neuro-endocrine control into one coordinated system. IAT tests precise mechanisms — enzyme sites, pressure-volume changes in the cardiac cycle, nephron transport, and hormone feedback loops — rather than rote listing.
16 min read · Weightage 6–8 questions in IAT Biology
Human Physiology: Circulation and Excretion
Composition of blood and lymph, blood groups and coagulation, human heart structure, the cardiac cycle, ECG, double circulation and circulatory disorders — a pure NCERT-recall chapter that reliably contributes 2–3 NEET questions.
16 min read · Weightage 3–4% (2–3 questions in NEET)
Human Physiology: Locomotion, Neural and Chemical Coordination
Human physiology integrates digestion, breathing, circulation, excretion and neuro-endocrine control into one coordinated system. IAT tests precise mechanisms — enzyme sites, pressure-volume changes in the cardiac cycle, nephron transport, and hormone feedback loops — rather than rote listing.
16 min read · Weightage 6–8 questions in IAT Biology
Mathematics
Sets, Relations and Functions
Sets, relations and functions form the logical backbone of the IAT Mathematics section. Questions test set operations and Venn-diagram counting, properties of relations (reflexive, symmetric, transitive, equivalence), and function concepts such as domain, range, injectivity/surjectivity, composition and inverses.
14 min read · Weightage 6-8 of the IAT Mathematics section
Trigonometric Functions
Compound-angle and transformation identities, general solutions of trigonometric equations, inverse trigonometric functions and heights-and-distances problems form a compact, formula-heavy exam topic. Speed comes from having the identity list memorised cold, not from re-deriving it under time pressure.
13 min read · Weightage 4–6 of 40 Mathematics questions
Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
Complex numbers extend algebra to the plane, giving geometric meaning to rotation, modulus and argument. Entrance papers combine algebraic manipulation with cube-root-of-unity identities and locus problems in the Argand plane.
12 min read · Weightage 3–5 of 40 Mathematics questions
Linear Inequalities and Linear Programming
Algebraic and graphical solutions of linear inequalities in one and two variables, and an introduction to formulating and solving linear programming problems using the corner point method.
12 min read · Weightage 4-6 marks in CBSE boards, often as a full LPP-style question
Permutations and Combinations
Counting principles, arrangements with restrictions, and the binomial expansion with its general and middle terms are a reliable, formula-driven source of exam marks. Precision in identifying whether order matters is the single biggest skill here.
13 min read · Weightage 4–6 of 40 Mathematics questions
Binomial Theorem
Counting principles, arrangements with restrictions, and the binomial expansion with its general and middle terms are a reliable, formula-driven source of exam marks. Precision in identifying whether order matters is the single biggest skill here.
13 min read · Weightage 4–6 of 40 Mathematics questions
Sequences and Series
Arithmetic, geometric, harmonic and arithmetico-geometric progressions, means and inequalities, special summations and telescoping techniques — the chapter that quietly powers half of the algebra you will meet later.
17 min read · Weightage 5–6% (2–3 questions in JEE Main, guaranteed in BITSAT)
Straight Lines and Conic Sections
Coordinate geometry of lines and circles tests algebraic fluency: slope forms, distance formulas, family of lines, and the standard circle equation with tangents and chords. Recognising the right standard form early saves the most time.
14 min read · Weightage 5–7 of 40 Mathematics questions
Introduction to Three Dimensional Geometry
Vector algebra, dot and cross products, scalar and vector triple products, direction cosines, lines and planes in space, shortest distance and angles — a highly scoring chapter where a clean vector method replaces long coordinate computation.
18 min read · Weightage 8–10% (3–4 questions across JEE Main sessions)
Limits and Derivatives
Standard limits, indeterminate forms, L'Hôpital's rule, expansions, continuity tests and differentiability of piecewise and modulus functions — the entry gate to all of calculus in JEE.
15 min read · Weightage 6–8% (2–3 questions in JEE Main, frequent in Advanced)
Statistics and Probability
Probability covers conditional probability, Bayes' theorem and standard distributions, while statistics focuses on measures of central tendency and dispersion. Both reward careful setup — defining the sample space or the correct formula before calculating.
13 min read · Weightage 4–6 of 40 Mathematics questions
English
Reading Comprehension and Note Making
Techniques for unseen passage comprehension, vocabulary-in-context questions, and note-making/summarising using headings, sub-headings, and abbreviations as per the CBSE format.
10 min read · Weightage Reading section carries 20-22 marks in Class 11/12 boards (two unseen passages plus note-making/summary)
Writing: Notice, Poster and Invitation
Formats and mandatory content elements for writing notices, posters, and formal/informal invitations with replies, as tested in CBSE Class 11 writing skills.
9 min read · Weightage One writing question (notice/poster/invitation) for 4-5 marks in Class 11 board exam
Writing: Letters and Article Writing
Formats for formal letters (business, official, complaint, editor) and article writing, covering structure, tone, register, and content organisation for CBSE Class 11 writing tasks.
10 min read · Weightage One long writing question (letter or article) for 5 marks in Class 11 board exam
Grammar: Tenses, Clauses and Error Correction
Core grammar for Class 11 CBSE — tense forms and usage, types of clauses, and editing/omission/error-correction exercises tested in the grammar section.
11 min read · Weightage Grammar (tenses, clauses, editing, transformation) carries about 10-12 marks in Class 11 boards
Literature: Hornbill (Prose and Poetry)
Key prose chapters (The Portrait of a Lady, A Photograph, We're Not Afraid to Die, Discovering Tut, Landscape of the Soul, The Ailing Planet, The Browning Version, The Adventure) and poems from the NCERT Hornbill textbook for Class 11.
12 min read · Weightage Literature (Hornbill) contributes about 20-24 marks via extract-based and long-answer questions in Class 11 boards
Literature: Snapshots
Key stories from the NCERT Snapshots supplementary reader for Class 11 — The Summer of the Beautiful White Horse, The Address, Ranga's Marriage, Albert Einstein at School, Mother's Day, Birth, and The Tale of Melon City.
11 min read · Weightage Snapshots contributes roughly one long-answer question (5-6 marks) in Class 11 boards
Computer Science
Computer Systems and Organisation
How a computer system is organised — CPU architecture, memory hierarchy, storage units, Boolean logic and software categories, building from Class 9 through Class 11 depth.
12 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 9/11 Computer Science — 4-6 marks
Python Fundamentals
Core building blocks of Python — data types, operators, expressions, input/output and type conversion rules.
12 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 11 Computer Science — Unit 2, ~10 marks
Conditional and Iterative Statements
Decision-making with if-elif-else and repetition using for/while loops, including break, continue and nested control structures.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 11 Computer Science — Unit 2, ~10 marks
Strings, Lists, Tuples and Dictionaries
Python's core sequence and mapping types — indexing, slicing, mutability and the built-in methods used to manipulate strings, lists, tuples and dictionaries efficiently.
13 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 11 Computer Science — Unit 2, ~12 marks
Functions and Modular Programming
Breaking programs into reusable functions — parameter passing, variable scope, return values and Python's math, random and statistics modules for common computations.
12 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 11 Computer Science — Unit 2, ~10 marks
Society, Law and Ethics
Digital ethics, cybercrime and the IT Act, intellectual property rights and software licensing, and responsible e-waste management and data privacy.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 12 Computer Science — Unit 4, ~8 marks
Class 12
Physics
Electric Charges and Fields
Coulomb's law, electric field and potential, dipoles, Gauss's law with symmetry, conductors, capacitance and dielectrics — a chapter where choosing the right symmetry converts a page of integration into a one-line answer.
20 min read · Weightage 8–9% (3–4 questions in NEET, 2–3 in JEE Main)
Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
Coulomb's law, electric field and potential, dipoles, Gauss's law with symmetry, conductors, capacitance and dielectrics — a chapter where choosing the right symmetry converts a page of integration into a one-line answer.
20 min read · Weightage 8–9% (3–4 questions in NEET, 2–3 in JEE Main)
Current Electricity
Ohm's law, drift velocity, resistivity, series-parallel networks, Kirchhoff's rules, Wheatstone bridge, potentiometer and cell combinations — the highest-yield electricity chapter for both exams.
15 min read · Weightage 6–7% (3–4 questions in NEET, 2–3 in JEE Main)
Moving Charges and Magnetism
Magnetic force on charges and currents, Biot–Savart and Ampere's law, fields of loops and solenoids, the cyclotron and moving-coil galvanometer — a formula-dense chapter that returns 2–3 questions every year.
16 min read · Weightage 5–6% (2–3 questions in NEET, 2 in JEE Main)
Magnetism and Matter
Magnetic force on charges and currents, Biot–Savart and Ampere's law, fields of loops and solenoids, the cyclotron and moving-coil galvanometer — a formula-dense chapter that returns 2–3 questions every year.
16 min read · Weightage 5–6% (2–3 questions in NEET, 2 in JEE Main)
Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic induction, alternating current circuits and Maxwell's unification into electromagnetic waves form a tightly connected block. IAT problems commonly chain a motional-emf or mutual-inductance setup into an LCR resonance or power calculation.
17 min read · Weightage 7–9% of IAT Physics
Alternating Current
Electromagnetic induction, alternating current circuits and Maxwell's unification into electromagnetic waves form a tightly connected block. IAT problems commonly chain a motional-emf or mutual-inductance setup into an LCR resonance or power calculation.
17 min read · Weightage 7–9% of IAT Physics
Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic induction, alternating current circuits and Maxwell's unification into electromagnetic waves form a tightly connected block. IAT problems commonly chain a motional-emf or mutual-inductance setup into an LCR resonance or power calculation.
17 min read · Weightage 7–9% of IAT Physics
Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
Reflection at plane and spherical mirrors, refraction, total internal reflection, prisms, thin lenses, lens combinations and the optical instruments built from them — a high-scoring, formula-driven chapter where sign convention decides your marks.
18 min read · Weightage 5–6% (3–4 questions in NEET, 1–2 in JEE Main)
Wave Optics
Huygens' principle, Young's double slit interference, thin-film colours, single-slit diffraction, resolving power and polarisation — the wave picture of light with all standard numericals.
13 min read · Weightage 3–4% (1–2 questions in NEET, 1–2 in JEE Main)
Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Modern physics covers the photoelectric effect, matter waves, Bohr's atomic model and nuclear physics — topics built almost entirely on direct formula application. Questions here are quick, formula-based scorers if the standard relations are memorised precisely.
14 min read · Weightage 4–5 of 40 Physics questions
Atoms and Nuclei
Modern physics covers the photoelectric effect, matter waves, Bohr's atomic model and nuclear physics — topics built almost entirely on direct formula application. Questions here are quick, formula-based scorers if the standard relations are memorised precisely.
14 min read · Weightage 4–5 of 40 Physics questions
Semiconductor Electronics
Energy bands, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, p-n junction and diode characteristics, rectifiers, Zener regulation, transistor action and logic gates.
12 min read · Weightage 3–4% (1–2 questions in NEET, 1 in JEE Main)
Chemistry
Solutions
Colligative properties link solute amount to measurable changes in vapour pressure, boiling point, freezing point and osmotic pressure, while surface chemistry covers adsorption, colloids and catalysis. IAT tests both quantitative colligative calculations (with van't Hoff factor corrections) and conceptual surface-chemistry classification.
13 min read · Weightage 6–8 questions in IAT Chemistry
Electrochemistry
Electrochemistry links chemical change to electrical energy through galvanic and electrolytic cells, EMF, the Nernst equation and Faraday's laws. Entrance papers frequently test cell notation, standard electrode potentials, conductance and quantitative electrolysis calculations.
11 min read · Weightage 3–4 questions in entrance papers Chemistry
Chemical Kinetics
Rate of reaction, rate laws and order, integrated rate equations, half-life, the Arrhenius equation, collision theory and catalysis — a compact, highly formula-driven chapter that reliably delivers full marks with practice.
16 min read · Weightage 4–5% (2 questions in NEET, 1–2 in JEE Main, 7 marks in CBSE XII)
The d- and f-Block Elements
Coordination compounds feature a central metal bonded to ligands via coordinate bonds, exhibiting rich structural (isomerism), electronic (colour, magnetism) and bonding (VBT, CFT) behaviour. IAT tests IUPAC nomenclature, isomerism classification, crystal field splitting and magnetic/spectral predictions.
14 min read · Weightage 6–8 questions in IAT Chemistry
Coordination Compounds
Coordination compounds feature a central metal bonded to ligands via coordinate bonds, exhibiting rich structural (isomerism), electronic (colour, magnetism) and bonding (VBT, CFT) behaviour. IAT tests IUPAC nomenclature, isomerism classification, crystal field splitting and magnetic/spectral predictions.
14 min read · Weightage 6–8 questions in IAT Chemistry
Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, arenes and alkyl/aryl halides are tested through characteristic reaction mechanisms — Markovnikov/anti-Markovnikov addition, free-radical substitution, electrophilic aromatic substitution and SN1/SN2/E1/E2 pathways. Recognising which mechanism applies from substrate, reagent and conditions is the key exam skill in this chapter.
13 min read · Weightage 4–5 questions in entrance papers Chemistry
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and amines each show characteristic reactivity governed by their functional group. IAT emphasises named reactions, acidity/basicity ordering, mechanism-based product prediction and distinguishing chemical tests.
14 min read · Weightage 6–8 questions in IAT Chemistry
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
Alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and amines each show characteristic reactivity governed by their functional group. IAT emphasises named reactions, acidity/basicity ordering, mechanism-based product prediction and distinguishing chemical tests.
14 min read · Weightage 6–8 questions in IAT Chemistry
Amines
Alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and amines each show characteristic reactivity governed by their functional group. IAT emphasises named reactions, acidity/basicity ordering, mechanism-based product prediction and distinguishing chemical tests.
14 min read · Weightage 6–8 questions in IAT Chemistry
Biomolecules
Biomolecules (carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins, hormones) sustain life processes, polymers are giant molecules built from repeating monomer units used across industries, and environmental chemistry studies pollution of air, water and soil along with green chemistry principles. IAT tests structural classification, biochemical reactions, polymer types/uses and pollution mechanisms.
14 min read · Weightage 6–8 questions in IAT Chemistry
Practical Chemistry: Salt Analysis and Titration
Systematic qualitative analysis of inorganic salts (cation and anion detection) and quantitative volumetric titration techniques, both central to the CBSE Class 12 chemistry practical examination.
13 min read · Weightage Practical exam: 30 marks (salt analysis + volumetric titration are core components)
Biology
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Reproduction spans sexual reproduction in flowering plants (pollination, fertilisation, seed/fruit development), and human reproduction including gametogenesis, menstrual cycle, fertilisation, and reproductive health. IAT tests precise sequences and structural details over rote memorisation.
16 min read · Weightage 5–7 questions in IAT Biology
Human Reproduction and Reproductive Health
Reproduction spans sexual reproduction in flowering plants (pollination, fertilisation, seed/fruit development), and human reproduction including gametogenesis, menstrual cycle, fertilisation, and reproductive health. IAT tests precise sequences and structural details over rote memorisation.
16 min read · Weightage 5–7 questions in IAT Biology
Principles of Inheritance and Variation
Mendelian genetics, deviations from Mendelism, chromosomal theory, linkage, sex determination, pedigree analysis and genetic disorders — consistently one of the top-scoring NEET Genetics chapters.
16 min read · Weightage 7–8% (4–5 questions every year in NEET)
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
From Mendel's laws through molecular inheritance to the mechanisms of evolution, this chapter connects pattern (crosses, pedigrees), mechanism (DNA replication, transcription, translation, mutation) and process (natural selection, speciation, Hardy-Weinberg) — a core IAT scoring area.
16 min read · Weightage 6–8 questions in IAT Biology
Evolution
From Mendel's laws through molecular inheritance to the mechanisms of evolution, this chapter connects pattern (crosses, pedigrees), mechanism (DNA replication, transcription, translation, mutation) and process (natural selection, speciation, Hardy-Weinberg) — a core IAT scoring area.
16 min read · Weightage 6–8 questions in IAT Biology
Human Health and Disease
This chapter covers human health and disease (pathogens, immunity, cancer, drug/alcohol abuse), improvement in food production (plant breeding, animal husbandry, dairy/poultry, single cell protein, biofortification) and microbes in human welfare (fermentation, biogas, biocontrol, biofertilisers). IAT tests applied and mechanistic knowledge of these topics.
15 min read · Weightage 4–6 questions in IAT Biology
Microbes in Human Welfare
This chapter covers human health and disease (pathogens, immunity, cancer, drug/alcohol abuse), improvement in food production (plant breeding, animal husbandry, dairy/poultry, single cell protein, biofortification) and microbes in human welfare (fermentation, biogas, biocontrol, biofertilisers). IAT tests applied and mechanistic knowledge of these topics.
15 min read · Weightage 4–6 questions in IAT Biology
Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
Biotechnology covers the principles and processes of recombinant DNA technology, and its applications in agriculture, medicine and industry, including transgenic organisms, gene therapy, and ethical/biosafety issues. IAT expects precise understanding of molecular tools (restriction enzymes, vectors, PCR, gel electrophoresis) and applied case studies (Bt cotton, golden rice, insulin production, gene therapy).
16 min read · Weightage 5–7 questions in IAT Biology
Biotechnology and Its Applications
Biotechnology covers the principles and processes of recombinant DNA technology, and its applications in agriculture, medicine and industry, including transgenic organisms, gene therapy, and ethical/biosafety issues. IAT expects precise understanding of molecular tools (restriction enzymes, vectors, PCR, gel electrophoresis) and applied case studies (Bt cotton, golden rice, insulin production, gene therapy).
16 min read · Weightage 5–7 questions in IAT Biology
Organisms, Populations and Ecosystem
Ecology examines organisms in relation to environment across scales — population growth, community interactions, ecosystem energy flow and nutrient cycling — culminating in biodiversity patterns, conservation strategies and human impacts like pollution and global warming.
15 min read · Weightage 5–7 questions in IAT Biology
Biodiversity and Conservation
Ecology examines organisms in relation to environment across scales — population growth, community interactions, ecosystem energy flow and nutrient cycling — culminating in biodiversity patterns, conservation strategies and human impacts like pollution and global warming.
15 min read · Weightage 5–7 questions in IAT Biology
Mathematics
Relations and Functions
Sets, relations and functions form the logical backbone of the IAT Mathematics section. Questions test set operations and Venn-diagram counting, properties of relations (reflexive, symmetric, transitive, equivalence), and function concepts such as domain, range, injectivity/surjectivity, composition and inverses.
14 min read · Weightage 6-8 of the IAT Mathematics section
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Compound-angle and transformation identities, general solutions of trigonometric equations, inverse trigonometric functions and heights-and-distances problems form a compact, formula-heavy exam topic. Speed comes from having the identity list memorised cold, not from re-deriving it under time pressure.
13 min read · Weightage 4–6 of 40 Mathematics questions
Matrices and Determinants
Matrix algebra, special matrices, determinant properties, adjoint and inverse, rank and the consistency of linear systems — a scoring, rule-based chapter with guaranteed questions in JEE Main and boards.
15 min read · Weightage 6–7% (2–3 questions in JEE Main, 1–2 in BITSAT)
Continuity and Differentiability
Standard limits, indeterminate forms, L'Hôpital's rule, expansions, continuity tests and differentiability of piecewise and modulus functions — the entry gate to all of calculus in JEE.
15 min read · Weightage 6–8% (2–3 questions in JEE Main, frequent in Advanced)
Applications of Derivatives
Differentiation and its applications — limits, continuity, derivative rules, tangents/normals, monotonicity, maxima/minima and Mean Value Theorems — are heavily tested in the IAT. Speed comes from having standard derivatives and the chain/product/quotient rules automatic, then translating word problems into optimisation or rate-of-change setups.
17 min read · Weightage 10-12 of the IAT Mathematics section
Integrals
Integration techniques (substitution, by parts, partial fractions), definite-integral properties, and area-under-curves problems are calculus workhorses for the IAT. Recognising the right technique and applying definite-integral symmetry properties saves significant time.
15 min read · Weightage 8-10 of the IAT Mathematics section
Applications of Integrals
Integration techniques (substitution, by parts, partial fractions), definite-integral properties, and area-under-curves problems are calculus workhorses for the IAT. Recognising the right technique and applying definite-integral symmetry properties saves significant time.
15 min read · Weightage 8-10 of the IAT Mathematics section
Differential Equations
Differential equations test the ability to identify order/degree, form a DE from a geometric or physical condition, and solve first-order equations by variable separable, homogeneous or linear methods. IAT questions frequently combine formation with solving, or embed a growth/decay application.
13 min read · Weightage 4-6 of the IAT Mathematics section
Vector Algebra
Vector algebra, dot and cross products, scalar and vector triple products, direction cosines, lines and planes in space, shortest distance and angles — a highly scoring chapter where a clean vector method replaces long coordinate computation.
18 min read · Weightage 8–10% (3–4 questions across JEE Main sessions)
Three Dimensional Geometry
Vector algebra, dot and cross products, scalar and vector triple products, direction cosines, lines and planes in space, shortest distance and angles — a highly scoring chapter where a clean vector method replaces long coordinate computation.
18 min read · Weightage 8–10% (3–4 questions across JEE Main sessions)
Linear Programming
Advanced formulation, graphical solution and optimisation of linear programming problems, covering standard problem types (manufacturing, diet, transportation) and the corner point method with unbounded regions.
13 min read · Weightage 6 marks in CBSE boards (one full LPP problem every year)
Probability
Probability covers conditional probability, Bayes' theorem and standard distributions, while statistics focuses on measures of central tendency and dispersion. Both reward careful setup — defining the sample space or the correct formula before calculating.
13 min read · Weightage 4–6 of 40 Mathematics questions
English
Reading Comprehension and Note Making
Techniques for unseen passage comprehension, vocabulary-in-context questions, and note-making/summarising using headings, sub-headings, and abbreviations as per the CBSE format.
10 min read · Weightage Reading section carries 20-22 marks in Class 11/12 boards (two unseen passages plus note-making/summary)
Writing: Notice, Invitation and Letters
Class 12 CBSE writing formats — notices, formal/informal invitations and replies, and formal letters (complaint, enquiry, application, order, grievance) with correct structure and tone.
10 min read · Weightage Writing section (notice/invitation/letter) carries about 4-5 marks in Class 12 boards
Writing: Article and Report Writing
Class 12 CBSE formats for article writing on contemporary issues and report writing (newspaper/magazine reports of events, surveys, or incidents) with structure, tone, and content requirements.
10 min read · Weightage Article/Report writing carries about 5 marks in Class 12 board exams
Grammar: Tenses, Modals and Error Correction
Class 12 CBSE grammar — modal verbs and their nuanced usage, reported speech/narration, and advanced editing/transformation exercises building on Class 11 tense and clause concepts.
11 min read · Weightage Grammar (modals, narration, editing/transformation) carries about 10 marks in Class 12 boards
Literature: Flamingo (Prose)
Key prose chapters from the NCERT Flamingo textbook for Class 12 — The Last Lesson, Lost Spring, Deep Water, The Rattrap, Indigo, Poets and Pancakes, The Interview, and Going Places — covering themes, characters, and context.
12 min read · Weightage Flamingo prose contributes about 20-22 marks via extract-based and long-answer questions in Class 12 boards
Literature: Flamingo (Poetry)
Key poems from the NCERT Flamingo textbook for Class 12 — My Mother at Sixty-six, Keeping Quiet, A Thing of Beauty, A Roadside Stand, and Aunt Jennifer's Tigers — covering themes, imagery, and poetic devices.
9 min read · Weightage Flamingo poetry contributes about 8-10 marks via extract-based and short-answer questions in Class 12 boards
Literature: Vistas
Key stories from the NCERT Vistas supplementary reader for Class 12 — The Third Level, The Tiger King, Journey to the End of the Earth, The Enemy, Should Wizard Hit Mommy, On the Face of It, Evans Tries an O-level, and Memories of Childhood.
12 min read · Weightage Vistas contributes roughly one long-answer question (5-6 marks) in Class 12 boards
Computer Science
Python Revision: Functions and File Handling
User-defined functions with different argument styles, and reading/writing text, binary and CSV files, wrapped with exception handling using try-except.
14 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 12 Computer Science — Unit 1, ~12 marks
Data Structures: Stack
The LIFO (Last In First Out) stack data structure, its core operations push/pop/peek, and its implementation and applications using Python lists.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 12 Computer Science — Unit 1, ~8 marks
Computer Networks
Network topologies, transmission media and devices, communication protocols, IP addressing and the basics of the World Wide Web.
13 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 12 Computer Science — Unit 2, ~10 marks
Database Management and SQL
Relational database concepts, keys and constraints, and SQL commands spanning DDL, DML, joins, aggregate functions and grouping.
15 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 12 Computer Science — Unit 3, ~15 marks
Interface Python with MySQL
Connecting Python programs to a MySQL database using the mysql.connector module: creating connections, executing queries via a cursor, and fetching/committing results.
11 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 12 Computer Science — Unit 3, ~8 marks
Society, Law and Ethics
Digital ethics, cybercrime and the IT Act, intellectual property rights and software licensing, and responsible e-waste management and data privacy.
10 min read · Weightage CBSE Class 12 Computer Science — Unit 4, ~8 marks
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